@article{oai:teapot.lib.ocha.ac.jp:00004926,
 author = {HAKRAK, R.Bill},
 issue = {1-2},
 journal = {研究技術計画},
 month = {Jun},
 note = {application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, Federal government's support in the USA for research and development in biomedicine is mainly managed by the NIH (National Institutes of Health). The NIH peer-review system by which the NIH funds all universities and non-profit organizations to support their biomedical research is described. The department (Division of Research Grants, DRG) that reviews the merit of proposed research is clearly separated from the various Institutes and Centers (ICs) that fund the research grants. The decision to support a research project is based both on the scientific merit and the priority of the IC funding mission. The review of the scientific merit is conducted by a panel of experts under the administration of a doctoral level scientist. The Program Directors who manage the grant portfolios in the ICs are also scientists with impressive publication records. The peer-review process is very efficient and handles about 30,000grants per year. The applicants receive the evaluation of their proposed research in written documents called the Summary Statements, which identify the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed research. Applicants have an opportunity to write in a protest letter called the Rebuttal letter if they feel the review was flawed. However, such complaints are rare and are usually resolved in a amicable fashion. Special emphasis is placed to encourage young scientists. In the NIH there are more meritorious applications reviewed than funded to support them. The number of applicants that can be funded is dependent upon the budget allocated by the USA congress. Finally, scientists who work in the universities and colleges have academic freedom to pursue research of their choice.},
 pages = {106--115},
 title = {Distinctive Management of Federal Funding for Biomedecal Research in the USA},
 volume = {13},
 year = {1999}
}